RESEARCH & PUBLICATIONS
BOOKS (2)
Cross, William, Richard Katz, and Scott Pruysers (eds.). 2018. The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. Rowman and Littlefield/ECPR Press.
Cross, William, Ofer Kenig, Scott Pruysers, and Gideon Rahat. 2016. The Promise and Challenge of Party Primary Elections: A Comparative Perspective. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
JOURNAL ARTICLES (19)
Pruysers, Scott, Julie Blais and Phillip Chen. Forthcoming. “Who Makes a Good Citizen? The Role of Personality.” Personality and Individual Differences.
Blais, Julie, Scott Pruysers, and Phillip Chen. Forthcoming. “Why do they Run? The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Ambition.” Canadian Journal of Political Science.
Cross, William and Scott Pruysers. Forthcoming. “The Local Determinants of Representation: Constituency Associations, Candidate Nomination, and Gender.” Canadian Journal of Political Science.
Pruysers, Scott and David Stewart. Forthcoming. “Federal-Provincial Variation in Leadership Selection: Processes and Participation.” Journal of Canadian Studies.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2018. “Narcissistic Women and Cash-strapped Men: Who can be Encouraged to Consider Running for Office and Who Should do the Encouraging?” Political Research Quarterly. Online First.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2018. “A Little Encouragement Goes a (not so) Long Way: An Experiment to Increase Political Ambition Among Young Women.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 39(2): 384-395.
Cross, William, and Scott Pruysers. 2017. “Sore Losers? The Costs of Intra-party Democracy." Party Politics. Online First.
Blais, Julie and Scott Pruysers. 2017. “The Power of the Dark Side: Personality, the Dark Triad, and Political Ambition.” Personality and Individual Differences, 113: 167-172.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2017. “Why Won’t Lola Run? An Experiment Examining Stereotype Threat and Political Ambition.” Politics & Gender, 13(2): 232-252.
Pruysers, Scott. 2016. “Party Integration at the Grassroots: The Canadian Case.” Territory, Politics, Governance. Online First.
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. 2016. “Negative Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 49(3): 539-558.
Pruysers, Scott. 2016. “Vertical Party Integration: Informal and Human Linkages Between Elections in a Canadian Province.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 54(3): 312-330.
Pruysers, Scott, and William Cross. 2016. “Candidate Selection in Canada: Local Autonomy, Centralization, and Competing Democratic Norms.” American Behavioral Scientist 60(7): 781-798.
Pruysers, Scott. 2015. “Two Political Worlds? Multi-level Campaign Integration in Canadian Constituencies.” Regional and Federal Studies 25(2): 165-182.
Kenig, Ofer, William Cross, Scott Pruysers, and Gideon Rahat. 2015. “What is a Party Primary? Creating a Common Definition and Typology.” Representation 51(2): 147-160.
Pruysers, Scott. 2014. “Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and their Counterparts in Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 47(2): 237-258.
Pruysers, Scott. 2014. “Canadian Party Politics in the 2000s: A Re-examination of the Regionalization Thesis.” Canadian Political Science Review 8(1): 27-42.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2014. “Anything Women Can Do Men Can Do Better: An Experiment Examining the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Political Knowledge and Efficacy.” The Social Science Journal 51(3): 341-349.
Pruysers, Scott. 2011. “Ministerial Responsibility: Myths and Realities in the Canadian Experience.” The Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law 4(3): 341-360.
BOOK CHAPTERS (6)
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. 2018. “Personalism and Election Campaigning: National and Local Dynamics.” In William Cross, Richard Katz, and Scott Pruysers (eds.) The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. Rowman and Littlefield.
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross and Richard Katz. 2018. “Personalism, Personalization, and Party Politics.” In William Cross, Richard Katz, and Scott Pruysers (eds.) The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. Rowman and Littlefield.
Kenig, Ofer, and Scott Pruysers. 2018. “The Challenges of Inclusive Intra-Party Selection Methods.” In Xavier Coller and Guillermo Cordero (eds.), Democratizing Candidate Selection Methods. Palgrave.
Pruysers, Scott and Anthony Sayers. 2018. “Party Primaries in Canada.” In Rob Boatright (ed.), The Handbook of Primary Elections. Routledge.
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross, Anika Gauja, and Gideon Rahat. 2017. “Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes: The Impact of Parties on Women’s Representation.” In Susan E. Scarrow, Paul D. Webb, and Thomas Poguntke (eds.), Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gruber, Oliver, William Cross, Scott Pruysers, and Tim Bale. 2015. “The end of the Affair: A Comparative Study of How Party Leadership Terms End.” In William Cross and Jean Benoit Pilet (eds.), The Politics of Party Leadership: A Cross-national Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MANUSCRIPTS UNDER REVIEW
Chen, Phillip, Scott Pruysers and Julie Blais. "The Dark Side of Politics: Participation and the Dark Triad."
Pruysers, Scott. “Gender Affinity Voting and Mayoral Politics in Montreal and Quebec.”
Pruysers, Scott, Melanee Thomas, and Julie Blais “Mediated Ambition? Gender, News, and the Desire to Seek Elected Office.”
O’Neill, Brenda, Scott Pruysers, and David Stewart. “A Glass Cliff? Gender and Party Leader Tenures and Exits.”
Pruysers, Scott and Anthony Sayers. “Party and Party System Nationalization in Canada, 1867-2015.”
McGregor, Michael, Cameron Anderson, and Scott Pruysers. “The Notwithstanding Clause, Partisanship and Issue Attitudes: The Case of City Council Redistricting in Toronto.”
Goodman, Nicole, and Scott Pruysers. “E-voting and Intra-party Democracy: Lessons from Canada.”
WORKS IN PROGRESS (SELECTED)
Pruysers, Scott and David Stewart. “Try, Try Again. What Happens to Leadership Losers?”
Cross, William, Rob Currie-Wood, and Scott Pruysers. “Decentralized Personalization and the Source of Campaign Funding: Evidence from Canada.”
Pruysers, Scott, and Michael McGregor. “Do Municipal Politicians Live in their own Political World? Municipal Candidates and Progressive Political Ambition in Canada.”
McGregor, Michael, Cameron Anderson, and Scott Pruysers. “Incumbency and Competitiveness in City Council Elections: How Accurate Are Voter Perceptions?”
PAPERS PRESENTED AT (SELECTED) CONFERENCES
Pruysers, Scott. Centralized and Decentralized Personalization in Canadian Elections.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Pruysers, Scott. “Building a Research Agenda: Moving Beyond the PhD Thesis.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Pruysers, Scott, Julie Blais, and Melanee Thomas. “Mediated Ambition? Gender, News, and the Desire to Seek Elected Office.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Wood, Rob-Currie, Scott Pruysers, and William Cross. “Decentralized Personalization and The Source of Campaign Funding: Evidence from the 2015 Canadian Election.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. “Narcissistic Women and Cash-strapped men: Who can be Encouraged to Consider Running for Office?” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2017.
Sayers, Anthony, Campbell Sharman, Scott Pruysers, and Lucas Czarnecki. “The Life and Death of Canadian Parties.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and Anthony Sayers. “Party System Nationalization: 1867-2015.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Toronto 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and David Stewart. “Federal-Provincial Variation in Leadership Selection: Processes and Participation.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Toronto 2017.
Blais, Julie, Scott Pruysers, and Phil Chen. “Personality and Political Ambition: Assessing the Role of the Dark Triad.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Toronto 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and William Cross. “Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes.” Paper presented at How Parties Organize and Why it Still Matters, Dusseldorf (Germany) 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and William Cross. “Sore Losers? Intra-party Democracy, Membership Satisfaction, and Party Activism.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Nottingham (United Kingdom) 2017.
Pruysers, Scott. “Personalization and the ‘Party’ Campaign.” Paper presented at the “Political Personalization” workshop, Aarhus (Denmark) 2017.
Pruysers, Scott. “Sore Losers? Intra-party Democracy and Party Unity.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Calgary 2016.
Pruysers, Scott. “Negative Personalization and Canadian Elections.” Paper presented at the “Personalization of Politics” workshop, Banff 2016.
Pruysers, Scott. “Decentralization, Stratarchy, and Party Integration: Evidence from Canada.” Paper presented at the Halbert Centre workshop “Political Parties in Israel and Canada: How Degrees of Centralization and Decentralization Influence the Organization of Political Parties”, Israel 2015.
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross, Anika Gauja and Gideon Rahat. “Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes: The Impact of Parties on Women’s Representation.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Conference, San Francisco 2015.
Pruysers, Scott. “Politics at the Grassroots: How Local Activists and Personnel Shape Vertical Party Integration.” Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Montreal 2015.
Pruysers, Scott and Blais, Julie. “Negative Stereotypes and Political Ambition.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Ottawa 2015.
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. “The Personalization of Party Leaders: Negative Personalization and Party Strategy”. Paper presented at the MEDW workshop at the American Political Science Association Conference, Washington DC 2014.
Pruysers, Scott. “Two Political Worlds? Party integration in Ontario Constituencies.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, St. Catharines 2014.
William Cross and Pruysers, Scott. “What is a Party Primary? Creating a Common Definition and Typology.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, St. Catharines 2014.
Pruysers, Scott. “Party Linkages in Federal States: An Examination of Elections and Parties in Ontario and Canada.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Victoria 2013.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. “Anything Women Can Do Men Can Do Better: A Quasi-experiment Examining the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Political Knowledge and Confidence.” Paper presented at the Atlantic Provinces Political Science Association Conference, Charlottetown 2013.
Pruysers, Scott. “Party Integration in Canada: An Examination of Informal and Personnel Linkages Between Federal Parties and their Ontario Counterparts.” Paper presented at the 22nd ECPR Standing Group on Political Parties, Brussels 2012.
NON PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross, and Jean-Benoit Pilet. 2016. “The 2016 UK Labour Leadership Election in Comparative Perspective.” University College London Constitution Unit Blog.
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. 2016. “Negative” Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy. Making Electoral Democracy Work Blog.
Pruysers, Scott. 2015. “Politics at the Grassroots: How Local Activists Shape vertical Party Integration.” Constitution 2(1).
Pruysers, Scott. 2009. “The Fourth Party System and the 2000 Canadian Federal Election,” Inquiry and Insight: University of Waterloo Graduate Journal of Political Science.
Cross, William, Richard Katz, and Scott Pruysers (eds.). 2018. The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. Rowman and Littlefield/ECPR Press.
Cross, William, Ofer Kenig, Scott Pruysers, and Gideon Rahat. 2016. The Promise and Challenge of Party Primary Elections: A Comparative Perspective. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
JOURNAL ARTICLES (19)
Pruysers, Scott, Julie Blais and Phillip Chen. Forthcoming. “Who Makes a Good Citizen? The Role of Personality.” Personality and Individual Differences.
Blais, Julie, Scott Pruysers, and Phillip Chen. Forthcoming. “Why do they Run? The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Ambition.” Canadian Journal of Political Science.
Cross, William and Scott Pruysers. Forthcoming. “The Local Determinants of Representation: Constituency Associations, Candidate Nomination, and Gender.” Canadian Journal of Political Science.
Pruysers, Scott and David Stewart. Forthcoming. “Federal-Provincial Variation in Leadership Selection: Processes and Participation.” Journal of Canadian Studies.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2018. “Narcissistic Women and Cash-strapped Men: Who can be Encouraged to Consider Running for Office and Who Should do the Encouraging?” Political Research Quarterly. Online First.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2018. “A Little Encouragement Goes a (not so) Long Way: An Experiment to Increase Political Ambition Among Young Women.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 39(2): 384-395.
Cross, William, and Scott Pruysers. 2017. “Sore Losers? The Costs of Intra-party Democracy." Party Politics. Online First.
Blais, Julie and Scott Pruysers. 2017. “The Power of the Dark Side: Personality, the Dark Triad, and Political Ambition.” Personality and Individual Differences, 113: 167-172.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2017. “Why Won’t Lola Run? An Experiment Examining Stereotype Threat and Political Ambition.” Politics & Gender, 13(2): 232-252.
Pruysers, Scott. 2016. “Party Integration at the Grassroots: The Canadian Case.” Territory, Politics, Governance. Online First.
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. 2016. “Negative Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 49(3): 539-558.
Pruysers, Scott. 2016. “Vertical Party Integration: Informal and Human Linkages Between Elections in a Canadian Province.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 54(3): 312-330.
Pruysers, Scott, and William Cross. 2016. “Candidate Selection in Canada: Local Autonomy, Centralization, and Competing Democratic Norms.” American Behavioral Scientist 60(7): 781-798.
Pruysers, Scott. 2015. “Two Political Worlds? Multi-level Campaign Integration in Canadian Constituencies.” Regional and Federal Studies 25(2): 165-182.
Kenig, Ofer, William Cross, Scott Pruysers, and Gideon Rahat. 2015. “What is a Party Primary? Creating a Common Definition and Typology.” Representation 51(2): 147-160.
Pruysers, Scott. 2014. “Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and their Counterparts in Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 47(2): 237-258.
Pruysers, Scott. 2014. “Canadian Party Politics in the 2000s: A Re-examination of the Regionalization Thesis.” Canadian Political Science Review 8(1): 27-42.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. 2014. “Anything Women Can Do Men Can Do Better: An Experiment Examining the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Political Knowledge and Efficacy.” The Social Science Journal 51(3): 341-349.
Pruysers, Scott. 2011. “Ministerial Responsibility: Myths and Realities in the Canadian Experience.” The Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law 4(3): 341-360.
BOOK CHAPTERS (6)
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. 2018. “Personalism and Election Campaigning: National and Local Dynamics.” In William Cross, Richard Katz, and Scott Pruysers (eds.) The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. Rowman and Littlefield.
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross and Richard Katz. 2018. “Personalism, Personalization, and Party Politics.” In William Cross, Richard Katz, and Scott Pruysers (eds.) The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. Rowman and Littlefield.
Kenig, Ofer, and Scott Pruysers. 2018. “The Challenges of Inclusive Intra-Party Selection Methods.” In Xavier Coller and Guillermo Cordero (eds.), Democratizing Candidate Selection Methods. Palgrave.
Pruysers, Scott and Anthony Sayers. 2018. “Party Primaries in Canada.” In Rob Boatright (ed.), The Handbook of Primary Elections. Routledge.
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross, Anika Gauja, and Gideon Rahat. 2017. “Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes: The Impact of Parties on Women’s Representation.” In Susan E. Scarrow, Paul D. Webb, and Thomas Poguntke (eds.), Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gruber, Oliver, William Cross, Scott Pruysers, and Tim Bale. 2015. “The end of the Affair: A Comparative Study of How Party Leadership Terms End.” In William Cross and Jean Benoit Pilet (eds.), The Politics of Party Leadership: A Cross-national Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MANUSCRIPTS UNDER REVIEW
Chen, Phillip, Scott Pruysers and Julie Blais. "The Dark Side of Politics: Participation and the Dark Triad."
Pruysers, Scott. “Gender Affinity Voting and Mayoral Politics in Montreal and Quebec.”
Pruysers, Scott, Melanee Thomas, and Julie Blais “Mediated Ambition? Gender, News, and the Desire to Seek Elected Office.”
O’Neill, Brenda, Scott Pruysers, and David Stewart. “A Glass Cliff? Gender and Party Leader Tenures and Exits.”
Pruysers, Scott and Anthony Sayers. “Party and Party System Nationalization in Canada, 1867-2015.”
McGregor, Michael, Cameron Anderson, and Scott Pruysers. “The Notwithstanding Clause, Partisanship and Issue Attitudes: The Case of City Council Redistricting in Toronto.”
Goodman, Nicole, and Scott Pruysers. “E-voting and Intra-party Democracy: Lessons from Canada.”
WORKS IN PROGRESS (SELECTED)
Pruysers, Scott and David Stewart. “Try, Try Again. What Happens to Leadership Losers?”
Cross, William, Rob Currie-Wood, and Scott Pruysers. “Decentralized Personalization and the Source of Campaign Funding: Evidence from Canada.”
Pruysers, Scott, and Michael McGregor. “Do Municipal Politicians Live in their own Political World? Municipal Candidates and Progressive Political Ambition in Canada.”
McGregor, Michael, Cameron Anderson, and Scott Pruysers. “Incumbency and Competitiveness in City Council Elections: How Accurate Are Voter Perceptions?”
PAPERS PRESENTED AT (SELECTED) CONFERENCES
Pruysers, Scott. Centralized and Decentralized Personalization in Canadian Elections.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Pruysers, Scott. “Building a Research Agenda: Moving Beyond the PhD Thesis.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Pruysers, Scott, Julie Blais, and Melanee Thomas. “Mediated Ambition? Gender, News, and the Desire to Seek Elected Office.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Wood, Rob-Currie, Scott Pruysers, and William Cross. “Decentralized Personalization and The Source of Campaign Funding: Evidence from the 2015 Canadian Election.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2018.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. “Narcissistic Women and Cash-strapped men: Who can be Encouraged to Consider Running for Office?” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2017.
Sayers, Anthony, Campbell Sharman, Scott Pruysers, and Lucas Czarnecki. “The Life and Death of Canadian Parties.” Paper presented at the Prairie Political Science Association Conference, Banff 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and Anthony Sayers. “Party System Nationalization: 1867-2015.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Toronto 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and David Stewart. “Federal-Provincial Variation in Leadership Selection: Processes and Participation.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Toronto 2017.
Blais, Julie, Scott Pruysers, and Phil Chen. “Personality and Political Ambition: Assessing the Role of the Dark Triad.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Toronto 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and William Cross. “Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes.” Paper presented at How Parties Organize and Why it Still Matters, Dusseldorf (Germany) 2017.
Pruysers, Scott, and William Cross. “Sore Losers? Intra-party Democracy, Membership Satisfaction, and Party Activism.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Nottingham (United Kingdom) 2017.
Pruysers, Scott. “Personalization and the ‘Party’ Campaign.” Paper presented at the “Political Personalization” workshop, Aarhus (Denmark) 2017.
Pruysers, Scott. “Sore Losers? Intra-party Democracy and Party Unity.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Calgary 2016.
Pruysers, Scott. “Negative Personalization and Canadian Elections.” Paper presented at the “Personalization of Politics” workshop, Banff 2016.
Pruysers, Scott. “Decentralization, Stratarchy, and Party Integration: Evidence from Canada.” Paper presented at the Halbert Centre workshop “Political Parties in Israel and Canada: How Degrees of Centralization and Decentralization Influence the Organization of Political Parties”, Israel 2015.
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross, Anika Gauja and Gideon Rahat. “Candidate Selection Rules and Democratic Outcomes: The Impact of Parties on Women’s Representation.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Conference, San Francisco 2015.
Pruysers, Scott. “Politics at the Grassroots: How Local Activists and Personnel Shape Vertical Party Integration.” Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Montreal 2015.
Pruysers, Scott and Blais, Julie. “Negative Stereotypes and Political Ambition.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Ottawa 2015.
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. “The Personalization of Party Leaders: Negative Personalization and Party Strategy”. Paper presented at the MEDW workshop at the American Political Science Association Conference, Washington DC 2014.
Pruysers, Scott. “Two Political Worlds? Party integration in Ontario Constituencies.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, St. Catharines 2014.
William Cross and Pruysers, Scott. “What is a Party Primary? Creating a Common Definition and Typology.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, St. Catharines 2014.
Pruysers, Scott. “Party Linkages in Federal States: An Examination of Elections and Parties in Ontario and Canada.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Conference, Victoria 2013.
Pruysers, Scott and Julie Blais. “Anything Women Can Do Men Can Do Better: A Quasi-experiment Examining the Effects of Stereotype Threat on Political Knowledge and Confidence.” Paper presented at the Atlantic Provinces Political Science Association Conference, Charlottetown 2013.
Pruysers, Scott. “Party Integration in Canada: An Examination of Informal and Personnel Linkages Between Federal Parties and their Ontario Counterparts.” Paper presented at the 22nd ECPR Standing Group on Political Parties, Brussels 2012.
NON PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
Pruysers, Scott, William Cross, and Jean-Benoit Pilet. 2016. “The 2016 UK Labour Leadership Election in Comparative Perspective.” University College London Constitution Unit Blog.
Pruysers, Scott and William Cross. 2016. “Negative” Personalization: Party Leaders and Party Strategy. Making Electoral Democracy Work Blog.
Pruysers, Scott. 2015. “Politics at the Grassroots: How Local Activists Shape vertical Party Integration.” Constitution 2(1).
Pruysers, Scott. 2009. “The Fourth Party System and the 2000 Canadian Federal Election,” Inquiry and Insight: University of Waterloo Graduate Journal of Political Science.